In practical applications, a large number of different types of spindle bearings are used. The choice of FAG spindle bearing type and arrangement depends on the characteristics of the application: eg turning, milling, grinding, etc. However, operating conditions and economics also play a decisive role in the final selection and technical requirements. In order to achieve high precision requirements (P4 or higher), bearings must generally operate with preload or at least zero clearance. The temperature rise at the highest speed should be as low as possible (speed index, up to n~dm = 2~106 mm/min. under grease lubrication, up to 3,1~106 mm/min. under oil lubrication). . The above requirements can be achieved by using super-precision bearings and correspondingly precise mating components. The following information can help select the most suitable bearing and bearing arrangement in the application, including the following: • Pretensioning • Stiffness • Contact angle • Rolling element size and material • Bearing spacing • Sealing • Steps in bearing design • Comparison of bearing arrangements • Bearing samples.
Pre-tightening: Rigid preloaded bearings are sensitive to changes in the temperature difference between the shaft and the housing, especially when the distance between the bearings is small. If the floating bearing fails to float in the axial direction, the pre-tightening force in the bearing group will greatly increase, and even the internal clearance of the bearing will be completely eliminated; radial stress will also be generated, especially for a spindle bearing with a contact angle of 15°. These phenomena can occur in cylindrical roller bearings and sliding-fit spindle bearings. In contrast, if the elastic preload is used, the bearing set with the contact angle of 25° and the larger bearing spacing is chosen to be less sensitive to temperature changes. In general, the operating temperature of ceramic ball bearings is lower, and the temperature rise ΔT is lower in the rigid preload system than in the steel ball bearings. The speed reduction factor (see Table 2) is used for rigid preloaded bearings. In elastic preloading (by spring or hydraulic pressure), the bearing speed can reach the value in the bearing parameter table due to the reduced heat sensitivity. The pre-tightening force must at least reach the value of the preloading force of the medium preloaded bearing (with suffix M) (see the bearing parameter table).
Stiffness: The stiffness of a bearing system is affected by the diameter of the shaft, the number of bearings, the size of the bearings, the preload, and the size of the contact angle. Although the radial stiffness of a 15° contact angle bearing is 10% higher than that of a 25° contact angle bearing, its axial stiffness is 45% lower. If the entire spindle bearing and cantilever system is considered, the radial stiffness of the former is better than the latter because the bearing span of the 25° contact angle bearing arrangement is larger than that of the 15° contact angle bearing. Rigid preloaded bearings are stiffer than the data in the sample due to installation. In operation, due to the high-speed centrifugal force and the thermal expansion of the shaft and the inner ring, the bearing rings expand and the rigidity increases.
2018年6月18日星期一
Select the appropriate contact angle according to the rolling element size and material selection of the bearing
Choosing suitable contact angle bearings Bearings with two contact angles have different performance and application areas (as shown in Table 1). Selecting the bearings from the size and material of the rolling elements All the bearings of the main shaft are "B" in the model with large-sized balls, and the rest are small balls. Large ball bearings have higher bearing capacity than small ball bearings and are therefore more suitable for high-load applications. In contrast, the ball bearing has better high-speed adaptability. Ceramic ball bearings have an additional advantage in speed (see the FAG spindle bearing parameter table). The X-life ultra-long-life bearing consists of a Cronidur 30 ferrule and a ceramic ball. The small ball X-life bearing model starts with XC, and the large ball bearing starts with XCB. The comparison of the specifications and performance parameters of the following spindle bearings can help in selecting the right bearing.
The contact angle is divided into: 15° 25°.
Applicable performance options: Radial stiffness Axial stiffness Radial system stiffness Radial loading capacity Axial bearing capacity Radial axial composite bearing capacity Higher speed and inner and outer ring temperature difference Inner and outer ring temperature difference ΔT is larger ΔT is smaller.
Application selection: Grinding lathe Ultra-precision machine tool milling machine Belt drive side bearing arrangement Drilling machine machining center Electric spindle.
Ball Size/Sphere Material Load Speed Life Bearing Type Large/ Ball High Medium Good B... Small/Steel Medium High Good HS.. Large/Ceramic Ball Medium High Good HBC.. Small/Ceramic Ball Low High Best HC. .X-life ultra-long-life bearing optimal optimal optimal XC.., XCB..
The contact angle is divided into: 15° 25°.
Applicable performance options: Radial stiffness Axial stiffness Radial system stiffness Radial loading capacity Axial bearing capacity Radial axial composite bearing capacity Higher speed and inner and outer ring temperature difference Inner and outer ring temperature difference ΔT is larger ΔT is smaller.
Application selection: Grinding lathe Ultra-precision machine tool milling machine Belt drive side bearing arrangement Drilling machine machining center Electric spindle.
Ball Size/Sphere Material Load Speed Life Bearing Type Large/ Ball High Medium Good B... Small/Steel Medium High Good HS.. Large/Ceramic Ball Medium High Good HBC.. Small/Ceramic Ball Low High Best HC. .X-life ultra-long-life bearing optimal optimal optimal XC.., XCB..
2018年6月14日星期四
IKO joint bearing nominal model and accuracy
The nominal model number of IKO articulated bearings consists of the type designations, dimensions and auxiliary marks. The arrangement is shown below. Example of arranging the nominal model Model number Dimensions SB 20 Joint IKO bearing model Nominal model alignment example 1 Example 2 Model Marking dimension Auxiliary mark GE 30 Bearing model EC 2RS Inner ring inner diameter (30 mm) With gasket Inner ring inner diameter ( 20mm) Accuracy The tolerance of the metric series joint bearing is shown in Table 2.
GE's allowable tolerances are values before and after the outer ring split. The allowable tolerances for SB, SB...A are the values before the outer ring split and before the surface treatment. The allowable tolerance of GE...EC is the value before the outer ring split. Refer to Table 3 for allowable tolerances of IKO inch series joint bearings. The allowable tolerance of the inner diameter is the value after the surface treatment, and the other allowable tolerance is the value before the outer ring split and before the surface treatment. Sometimes there are some differences from the tolerances due to the surface treatment, but it does not affect the performance of the bearing.
GE's allowable tolerances are values before and after the outer ring split. The allowable tolerances for SB, SB...A are the values before the outer ring split and before the surface treatment. The allowable tolerance of GE...EC is the value before the outer ring split. Refer to Table 3 for allowable tolerances of IKO inch series joint bearings. The allowable tolerance of the inner diameter is the value after the surface treatment, and the other allowable tolerance is the value before the outer ring split and before the surface treatment. Sometimes there are some differences from the tolerances due to the surface treatment, but it does not affect the performance of the bearing.
IKO joint bearing clearance and recommended cooperation
The radial internal clearance of the IKO joint bearing is the value before the outer ring is split. Refer to Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6. The radial internal clearance of the Imperial series is shown in the dimension table. Our company also sells joint bearings other than the above clearances. Please contact Qingdao Ruijing Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Co., Ltd. for consultation. Radial internal clearance of IKO refueling spherical plain bearings SB, SB...A Radial internal clearance of refueling spherical plain bearings GE Radial internal clearance of refueling spherical plain bearings GE...EC.
The recommended fit for IKO joint bearings is shown in Table 7 and Table 8. ■Selection of Bearings Table 7 Recommended Fitting Conditions for Refueled Spherical Plain Bearings Normal working conditions include non-directional loads. h6, j6 m6, n6 H7, J7 M7, N7 Tolerance class axis bearing housings Note When the bearing housing is a light alloy Recommend N7. Table 8 Recommended tolerances for mating shafts for non-lubricated joints Classes of tolerances for h6, j6 H7, J7, and K7 bearing housings Note K7 is recommended for light alloys.
The recommended fit for IKO joint bearings is shown in Table 7 and Table 8. ■Selection of Bearings Table 7 Recommended Fitting Conditions for Refueled Spherical Plain Bearings Normal working conditions include non-directional loads. h6, j6 m6, n6 H7, J7 M7, N7 Tolerance class axis bearing housings Note When the bearing housing is a light alloy Recommend N7. Table 8 Recommended tolerances for mating shafts for non-lubricated joints Classes of tolerances for h6, j6 H7, J7, and K7 bearing housings Note K7 is recommended for light alloys.
2018年6月13日星期三
FAG machine spindle bearing assembly
It must be ensured that the rolling contact surfaces have been adequately lubricated when the FAG machine spindle bearings are installed. The dimensional accuracy of adjacent structures must be checked. If you would like to obtain technical support during the initial installation, we recommend that you consult with an expert in industrial services, see page 146, chapter Equipment and services for rolling bearing installation and maintenance. Single-bearing solutions In a single-bearing solution, the compact design of the high-precision bearings YRTS and ZKLDF differs from that of the cross-roller bearings given in the TPI sample. High-precision bearings are consistent with the sample TPI 120, and high-precision bearings are installed in the sample TPI 103 (high-precision bearings subjected to combined loads). Cross-roller bearings Z-556 cross-roller bearings are supplied internally with a specific axial preload. For the cross roller bearing Z-549, axial preload is set during installation.
When installing a double-bearing solution, it must be ensured on the one hand that radial deep groove ball bearings and angular contact ball bearings have good radial running. This can be achieved by centering the device or by aligning the axial retaining ring. On the other hand, axial preload must be set correctly by means of angular contact ball bearings. The three-bearing solution must ensure that the thrust deep groove ball bearings perform well in the radial direction relative to the radial cylindrical roller bearings. This can be achieved by centering or centering operations. Centripetal cylindrical roller bearings must be mounted with a specific radial preload, see Catalog SP 1, GMN Super Precision Bearings. Special attention must be paid to the preload of thrust bearings.
Single bearing solutions Due to the size limitations of thrust/radial bearings YRTS and angular contact thrust ball bearings ZKLDF (see TPI 120, high-precision bearings subject to combined loads), cross-roller bearings are used here. The characteristics of these bearings are that the surrounding structure is simple, the design takes up less space, and the lubrication is convenient. The two-bearing solution uses two bearing configurations to meet the requirements of most applications. The main way of this kind of bearing configuration is a preloaded thrust bearing and another bearing, and the other bearing pretensions the thrust bearing and realizes a radial guiding function. This bearing solution can meet the high speed requirements. Angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings can achieve this function. The three-bearing solution has a significant advantage in using a three-bearing arrangement where high accuracy and stiffness are required. However, the added workload due to installation must be considered.
Single Bearing Solution Features In a single bearing solution, all loads are carried by a single bearing. This makes the surrounding structure of the bearing simple and compact. In addition, it is not necessary to center each bearing on one another, and lubrication is relatively simple because only one bearing needs to be lubricated. Cross roller bearings The rollers of these bearings are inclined relative to the shaft and the rollers are mounted in a continuous cross pattern. Separate the rollers with a plastic cage. The precision of these bearings is P5, and the running accuracy is better than P4. Cross roller bearings provide adjustable pretension or fixed pretension. High running accuracy In addition to the cross roller bearings described here, thrust/radial bearings YRTS and ZKLDF with diameters ranging from 200 mm to 460 mm are also suitable for these applications. Thrust/radial bearings ZKLDF can produce such bearings up to 1030 mm in diameter. These series of bearings have higher accuracy than THK crossed roller bearings. See TPI 120 for high precision bearings with combined loads.
The solution characteristics of the two bearings Compared to the single bearing solution, the load on the two bearing solutions is shared by the two bearings. Thrust bearings mainly bear the weight of the table and the workpiece. Angular contact ball bearings are used to provide radial support while axially preloading the shafting. If thrust roller bearings are used, the system can withstand very high loads. For high speed applications, thrust ball bearings are recommended. During the design and installation process, it must be ensured that the minimum load can be satisfied under various load conditions. This also affects the recommended paired bearing configuration. Speed In terms of speed, the use of ball bearing two-bearing solutions is a good choice for friction, lubrication and high precision. Accuracy dimensions and geometric tolerance accuracy are mainly determined by larger thrust bearings. The radial runout of the system is affected by the smaller diameter angular contact ball bearings.
Solution Characteristics of Three Bearings In this arrangement, the combined loads are properly distributed to two thrust bearings and one radial bearing. This requires separate consideration of design requirements. The appropriate preload must be selected according to the load conditions to ensure the minimum axial load. Lubrication must be specially considered for lubrication. Although the thrust bearing needs more lubricating oil to dissipate heat, more oil is not necessary for a radial cylindrical roller bearing when the rotational speed is high. Depending on the design, radial bearings can, in most cases, be lubricated by smaller thrust bearings above, see page 124. Rigidity The high rigidity of the bearing system can be achieved by a fixed axial preload between the two thrust bearings and radial pretensioning of the radial bearings, typically up to 5 μm radial pretensioning, see section 126 Page and sample SP1, super precision bearings. Accuracy Dimensions and Geometrical Tolerances If each bearing is accurately combined, this bearing configuration can achieve very high accuracy.
When installing a double-bearing solution, it must be ensured on the one hand that radial deep groove ball bearings and angular contact ball bearings have good radial running. This can be achieved by centering the device or by aligning the axial retaining ring. On the other hand, axial preload must be set correctly by means of angular contact ball bearings. The three-bearing solution must ensure that the thrust deep groove ball bearings perform well in the radial direction relative to the radial cylindrical roller bearings. This can be achieved by centering or centering operations. Centripetal cylindrical roller bearings must be mounted with a specific radial preload, see Catalog SP 1, GMN Super Precision Bearings. Special attention must be paid to the preload of thrust bearings.
Single bearing solutions Due to the size limitations of thrust/radial bearings YRTS and angular contact thrust ball bearings ZKLDF (see TPI 120, high-precision bearings subject to combined loads), cross-roller bearings are used here. The characteristics of these bearings are that the surrounding structure is simple, the design takes up less space, and the lubrication is convenient. The two-bearing solution uses two bearing configurations to meet the requirements of most applications. The main way of this kind of bearing configuration is a preloaded thrust bearing and another bearing, and the other bearing pretensions the thrust bearing and realizes a radial guiding function. This bearing solution can meet the high speed requirements. Angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings can achieve this function. The three-bearing solution has a significant advantage in using a three-bearing arrangement where high accuracy and stiffness are required. However, the added workload due to installation must be considered.
Single Bearing Solution Features In a single bearing solution, all loads are carried by a single bearing. This makes the surrounding structure of the bearing simple and compact. In addition, it is not necessary to center each bearing on one another, and lubrication is relatively simple because only one bearing needs to be lubricated. Cross roller bearings The rollers of these bearings are inclined relative to the shaft and the rollers are mounted in a continuous cross pattern. Separate the rollers with a plastic cage. The precision of these bearings is P5, and the running accuracy is better than P4. Cross roller bearings provide adjustable pretension or fixed pretension. High running accuracy In addition to the cross roller bearings described here, thrust/radial bearings YRTS and ZKLDF with diameters ranging from 200 mm to 460 mm are also suitable for these applications. Thrust/radial bearings ZKLDF can produce such bearings up to 1030 mm in diameter. These series of bearings have higher accuracy than THK crossed roller bearings. See TPI 120 for high precision bearings with combined loads.
The solution characteristics of the two bearings Compared to the single bearing solution, the load on the two bearing solutions is shared by the two bearings. Thrust bearings mainly bear the weight of the table and the workpiece. Angular contact ball bearings are used to provide radial support while axially preloading the shafting. If thrust roller bearings are used, the system can withstand very high loads. For high speed applications, thrust ball bearings are recommended. During the design and installation process, it must be ensured that the minimum load can be satisfied under various load conditions. This also affects the recommended paired bearing configuration. Speed In terms of speed, the use of ball bearing two-bearing solutions is a good choice for friction, lubrication and high precision. Accuracy dimensions and geometric tolerance accuracy are mainly determined by larger thrust bearings. The radial runout of the system is affected by the smaller diameter angular contact ball bearings.
Solution Characteristics of Three Bearings In this arrangement, the combined loads are properly distributed to two thrust bearings and one radial bearing. This requires separate consideration of design requirements. The appropriate preload must be selected according to the load conditions to ensure the minimum axial load. Lubrication must be specially considered for lubrication. Although the thrust bearing needs more lubricating oil to dissipate heat, more oil is not necessary for a radial cylindrical roller bearing when the rotational speed is high. Depending on the design, radial bearings can, in most cases, be lubricated by smaller thrust bearings above, see page 124. Rigidity The high rigidity of the bearing system can be achieved by a fixed axial preload between the two thrust bearings and radial pretensioning of the radial bearings, typically up to 5 μm radial pretensioning, see section 126 Page and sample SP1, super precision bearings. Accuracy Dimensions and Geometrical Tolerances If each bearing is accurately combined, this bearing configuration can achieve very high accuracy.
FAG cross roller bearing load torque speed preload characteristics
Characteristics FAG cross roller bearings are high in rigidity and have better running accuracy than P4. Other precisions are P5 and they are preloaded. The outer ring of the bearing can be easily fixed to the surrounding structural parts with a gland. The internal structure of the cross roller bearing introduced here is particularly suitable for high speed conditions and is suitable for vertical hexagonal lathes. Compared with the high-precision bearings in the TPI120 bearing composite load, the same size cross-roller bearings have a higher rated dynamic load. With less rollers, stiffness is relatively reduced. These guidelines and data mainly target the list of cross-roller bearings. The outer ring rotates while the bearing is working. For radial loads and moments with axial loads Due to the O-arrangement of the cylindrical rollers, the bearings can withstand axial and radial loads, overturning moments and other compound loads, but only occupy one bearing space. Therefore, the design scheme of the two bearing arrangements can be replaced with a single bearing arrangement, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 . Fa = Axial load Fr = Radial load Mk = Overturning moment Fig. 1 Arrangement of two bearings 00017B7C Crossed roller bearings Fig. 2 uses only one cross roller bearing arrangement.
THK cross roller bearing limit speed The limiting speed of a bearing is determined by the way the bearing is lubricated (grease and lubricant), see the dimension tables. If other speed limits are required, contact the Schaeffler Group Engineering Services. Preloading For the INA cross roller bearing Z-556, the pretensioning of the bearings is already established in the production plant. The bearing rings are fixed by end caps and bolts. For the cross-rolling seed bearing Z-549, the actual height record of the bearing inner ring will follow the bearing. The required preload is achieved by adjusting the clearance between the inner rings of the bearing. The gap between the bearing inner ring is adjusted by adjusting the spacer between the shaft end face and the end cap end face. It is recommended to adjust the thickness of the spacer as follows. To initially determine the thickness of the gasket, the first step is to make a gasket. The gasket should be slightly thicker to ensure a clearance of 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm. This provides a measurable axial play. The initial thickness of the gasket X1 is calculated as follows: the initial thickness of the X1 mm gasket, Figure 3 The width of the inner ring of the Bi mm bearing can refer to the inspection table L mm The depth of the inner ring support base s mm Reserve gap height, s = 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm. Figure 3 Initial shim thickness for bearing arrangement X10017746 Schaeffler Group Industrial TPI 205 63 Determining the thickness of the required shim After measuring the axial play, the shim thickness X can be finalized. The axial clearance of the bearing can be obtained by lifting the outer ring of the bearing and the surrounding structural members and measuring their movement. Determine the thickness of the gasket: Determine the preload: Required gasket thickness for X mm, Figure 4 Initial thickness of X1 mm gasket A mm Measured axial clearance V mm Preload FV kN Preload, Recommended value is 3.5% rating Dynamic load CCs kN0.926/mm axial elasticity coefficient, please refer to the dimension table. Figure 4 Bearing arrangement and gasket thickness X.
THK cross roller bearing limit speed The limiting speed of a bearing is determined by the way the bearing is lubricated (grease and lubricant), see the dimension tables. If other speed limits are required, contact the Schaeffler Group Engineering Services. Preloading For the INA cross roller bearing Z-556, the pretensioning of the bearings is already established in the production plant. The bearing rings are fixed by end caps and bolts. For the cross-rolling seed bearing Z-549, the actual height record of the bearing inner ring will follow the bearing. The required preload is achieved by adjusting the clearance between the inner rings of the bearing. The gap between the bearing inner ring is adjusted by adjusting the spacer between the shaft end face and the end cap end face. It is recommended to adjust the thickness of the spacer as follows. To initially determine the thickness of the gasket, the first step is to make a gasket. The gasket should be slightly thicker to ensure a clearance of 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm. This provides a measurable axial play. The initial thickness of the gasket X1 is calculated as follows: the initial thickness of the X1 mm gasket, Figure 3 The width of the inner ring of the Bi mm bearing can refer to the inspection table L mm The depth of the inner ring support base s mm Reserve gap height, s = 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm. Figure 3 Initial shim thickness for bearing arrangement X10017746 Schaeffler Group Industrial TPI 205 63 Determining the thickness of the required shim After measuring the axial play, the shim thickness X can be finalized. The axial clearance of the bearing can be obtained by lifting the outer ring of the bearing and the surrounding structural members and measuring their movement. Determine the thickness of the gasket: Determine the preload: Required gasket thickness for X mm, Figure 4 Initial thickness of X1 mm gasket A mm Measured axial clearance V mm Preload FV kN Preload, Recommended value is 3.5% rating Dynamic load CCs kN0.926/mm axial elasticity coefficient, please refer to the dimension table. Figure 4 Bearing arrangement and gasket thickness X.
2018年6月12日星期二
Design and Safety Guide for FAG Thrust Ball Bearings
FAG Thrust Ball Bearing Design and Safety Guidelines Thrust ball bearings can only withstand axial loads. For complete bearing arrangement calculations, the engineering service department of Qingdao Ruijing Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Co., Ltd. should be consulted. Equivalent dynamic bearing load For bearings subjected to dynamic loads, the following formula applies: P kN bearing equivalent dynamic load Fa kN bearing axial dynamic load. Equivalent static bearing load For bearings subjected to static load, the following formula applies: P0 kN Equivalent static bearing load F0a kN Bearing axial static load.
Minimal axial load During high-speed operation, harmful rolling motion occurs between the rolling elements and the raceways due to centrifugal forces and gyro moments. In order to avoid slipping, SLF bearings must withstand a minimum load Fa min. The minimum load factor A is given in the dimension table. For nmax, the maximum operating speed must be used. Fa min kN Minimum axial load A - Minimum load factor, see size table nmax min–1 Maximum operating speed. Speed ISO 15312 does not give a hot reference speed for a thrust ball bearing. The oil speed limit speed is given in the dimension table.
Bearing arrangement design In order to give full play to the performance of the bearing, the adjacent structure must have a suitable design. Shaft and housing tolerances For one-way thrust bearings, shaft tolerances should be j6. The positioning hole tolerance depends on the required running accuracy. For common running accuracy, tolerance zone E8 should be selected; for high running accuracy, tolerance zone H6 should be selected. The user-customizable solution can be implemented through the agreement. The shoulders of adjacent structures adjacent to each other must be high enough to effectively support more than half of the height of the shaft ring and seat ring of the KBC bearing. The purpose of this is to achieve centering of the main shaft and bearing housing. Adjacent shoulders must be rigid, flat, and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The maximum radius ra and the mating surface diameter da, Da, see the dimension table. Accuracy Dimensions and Geometrical Tolerances The primary dimensions of one-way thrust bearings conform to ISO 104 or DIN 711, see the dimension tables.
Minimal axial load During high-speed operation, harmful rolling motion occurs between the rolling elements and the raceways due to centrifugal forces and gyro moments. In order to avoid slipping, SLF bearings must withstand a minimum load Fa min. The minimum load factor A is given in the dimension table. For nmax, the maximum operating speed must be used. Fa min kN Minimum axial load A - Minimum load factor, see size table nmax min–1 Maximum operating speed. Speed ISO 15312 does not give a hot reference speed for a thrust ball bearing. The oil speed limit speed is given in the dimension table.
Bearing arrangement design In order to give full play to the performance of the bearing, the adjacent structure must have a suitable design. Shaft and housing tolerances For one-way thrust bearings, shaft tolerances should be j6. The positioning hole tolerance depends on the required running accuracy. For common running accuracy, tolerance zone E8 should be selected; for high running accuracy, tolerance zone H6 should be selected. The user-customizable solution can be implemented through the agreement. The shoulders of adjacent structures adjacent to each other must be high enough to effectively support more than half of the height of the shaft ring and seat ring of the KBC bearing. The purpose of this is to achieve centering of the main shaft and bearing housing. Adjacent shoulders must be rigid, flat, and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The maximum radius ra and the mating surface diameter da, Da, see the dimension table. Accuracy Dimensions and Geometrical Tolerances The primary dimensions of one-way thrust bearings conform to ISO 104 or DIN 711, see the dimension tables.
FAG thrust ball bearing characteristics and suffix meaning
Features FAG Thrust ball bearings consist of a shaft ring, seat ring, ball and cage assembly. This type of bearing is a detachable bearing; that is, the ball and cage assembly and bearing ring can be installed separately. One-way thrust ball bearings can withstand axial loads in one direction, but cannot withstand radial loads. Working temperature Thrust ball bearings operate from –30 °C to +150 °C. Cage Large thrust ball bearings have ball-guided solid brass cages (suffix M or MP) or steel solid cages (suffix F or FP), see table. Suffixes of existing designs, see table. The existing design and order codes have thrust ball bearings with measurement reports and wall thickness changes.
Suffix design: F steel solid cage, ball guiding standard design FP steel window solid cage, ball guided M solid brass cage, ball guiding MP solid brass window cage, ball guided P5 high precision Tolerance class P5 Special design MPB solid brass window type cage, special design for collar guidance, M15 with measurement report available via agreement J15 Actual value marking J26 Maximum wall thickness change marking ■ 511/1320-MP-P5-J26CA- M15EZ – CA = Shaft ring, seat ring – E = Measuring item, here d, D, Si, Se – Z = Bearing package contains measurement report.
Suffix design: F steel solid cage, ball guiding standard design FP steel window solid cage, ball guided M solid brass cage, ball guiding MP solid brass window cage, ball guided P5 high precision Tolerance class P5 Special design MPB solid brass window type cage, special design for collar guidance, M15 with measurement report available via agreement J15 Actual value marking J26 Maximum wall thickness change marking ■ 511/1320-MP-P5-J26CA- M15EZ – CA = Shaft ring, seat ring – E = Measuring item, here d, D, Si, Se – Z = Bearing package contains measurement report.
2018年6月11日星期一
Design and Safety Guidelines for FAG Radial Cylindrical Roller Bearings
Design and safety guidelines Load capacity and service life Bearing arrangements using FAG's ultra-precision cylindrical roller bearings are often used in applications where high load carrying capacity, high stiffness and high precision are required. In practice, fatigue failure caused by these bearings is rare. Therefore, the calculation of the rated life L10 in accordance with DIN ISO 281 to determine the working life is inaccurate. Bearing equivalent static load The equivalent static load P0 is calculated based on the axial and radial loads of the bearing.
Ultra-precision cylindrical roller bearings can only withstand radial forces. For bearings subject to static loads, the following formula applies: P0 N bearing equivalent static load N bearing radial static load. The static load safety factor is sufficient for the static load bearing capacity. A given static load can be verified by the static load safety factor S0. S0 – Static load safety factor C0 N Basic static load rating P0 N Bearing equivalent static load. In order to use the high precision of the bearing, the static load safety factor S0 3 is necessary (S0 8 = anti-fatigue).
Cylindrical Roller Bearing Clearance Adjustment Cylindrical roller bearings with tapered bores can be fitted with three conditions of free play, no play, or pretension, see page 126, table. For vertical lathes, 5 μm of interference has proven effective. The limit rotation nG given in the table of speed dimensions applies only to grease lubrication or to minimum oil lubrication and must not be exceeded. Cylindrical roller bearings, the rotational speed that can be achieved under movement is determined by the internal radial clearance, see table. The achievable speed dM = (d + D)/2 These values are guidance values when the inner and outer ring temperature difference T does not exceed 5 K. For applications with large temperature differences, consult the Schaeffler Group's Industrial Applications Division. Radially rigid radial stiffness cr is the ratio of radial load and radial displacement. Cr N/?m Radial stiffness, see dimension table Fr N Radial force r ? Radial displacement.
Clearance or preloading up to speeds mm min–1 –5 to 0 to 0.5 n nG grease 2 10 10–5 d dM 0.5 to 0.75 n nG grease 4 10 10–5 d dM 0.75 to 1 n nG grease 1 · 10–4 · dM 1 · nG Oil bearing arrangement design In order to take full advantage of the performance of ultra-precision cylindrical roller bearings, adjacent structures must be properly designed, Figure 3. d = Nominal shaft diameter d? = Taper shaft small end diameter (= d + Deviation, see page 129, table) d1? = Taper shaft large end diameter d1? = d? + 1/12 · LL = Taper Shaft length L = 0.95 · B (bearing width) t1 = Cylindricity in accordance with DIN ISO 1101 t2 = Roundness in accordance with DIN ISO 1101 t3 = Flatness in accordance with DIN ISO 1101 t4 = Axial run in accordance with DIN ISO 1101 t5 = Conformity compliance DIN ISO 1101 ATD = taper tolerance in accordance with DIN ISO 7178 Ra = average surface roughness in accordance with DIN ISO 4768 Figure 3 Geometrical tolerances of the shaft Processing tolerances for the taper angle The taper angle tolerance ATD is measured by declining to the journal and defined as the differential diameter . If using the FAG taper MGK132, the value of the ATD in the table must be halved (inclination angle tolerance).
For taper length tables in the table column values, the taper angle tolerance ATD can be obtained by interpolation. Taper deviation The taper angle deviation of the taper shaft mating face is used for bearings with tolerance class SP, see table. The main dimensions of the precision bearings are in accordance with the standard DIN 620-1. Dimensional tolerances and geometrical tolerances meet the tolerance class SP. Ultra-precision cylindrical roller bearings with higher tolerance class UP can also be provided by agreement. Bearings have cylindrical or tapered bores with corresponding dimensional tolerances, see figures 4 and 134, table. = Angle of inclination of the cone end = 2° 23? 9.4?2 = Taper angle of the cone end = 4° 46? 18.8?B = Inner ring width d = Nominal diameter of the bearing bore d1 = Cone large end bore diameter dmp = Single Aperture Deviation of Radial Plane Nominal Diameter Figure 4 Cone Hole Tolerance.
Ultra-precision cylindrical roller bearings can only withstand radial forces. For bearings subject to static loads, the following formula applies: P0 N bearing equivalent static load N bearing radial static load. The static load safety factor is sufficient for the static load bearing capacity. A given static load can be verified by the static load safety factor S0. S0 – Static load safety factor C0 N Basic static load rating P0 N Bearing equivalent static load. In order to use the high precision of the bearing, the static load safety factor S0 3 is necessary (S0 8 = anti-fatigue).
Cylindrical Roller Bearing Clearance Adjustment Cylindrical roller bearings with tapered bores can be fitted with three conditions of free play, no play, or pretension, see page 126, table. For vertical lathes, 5 μm of interference has proven effective. The limit rotation nG given in the table of speed dimensions applies only to grease lubrication or to minimum oil lubrication and must not be exceeded. Cylindrical roller bearings, the rotational speed that can be achieved under movement is determined by the internal radial clearance, see table. The achievable speed dM = (d + D)/2 These values are guidance values when the inner and outer ring temperature difference T does not exceed 5 K. For applications with large temperature differences, consult the Schaeffler Group's Industrial Applications Division. Radially rigid radial stiffness cr is the ratio of radial load and radial displacement. Cr N/?m Radial stiffness, see dimension table Fr N Radial force r ? Radial displacement.
Clearance or preloading up to speeds mm min–1 –5 to 0 to 0.5 n nG grease 2 10 10–5 d dM 0.5 to 0.75 n nG grease 4 10 10–5 d dM 0.75 to 1 n nG grease 1 · 10–4 · dM 1 · nG Oil bearing arrangement design In order to take full advantage of the performance of ultra-precision cylindrical roller bearings, adjacent structures must be properly designed, Figure 3. d = Nominal shaft diameter d? = Taper shaft small end diameter (= d + Deviation, see page 129, table) d1? = Taper shaft large end diameter d1? = d? + 1/12 · LL = Taper Shaft length L = 0.95 · B (bearing width) t1 = Cylindricity in accordance with DIN ISO 1101 t2 = Roundness in accordance with DIN ISO 1101 t3 = Flatness in accordance with DIN ISO 1101 t4 = Axial run in accordance with DIN ISO 1101 t5 = Conformity compliance DIN ISO 1101 ATD = taper tolerance in accordance with DIN ISO 7178 Ra = average surface roughness in accordance with DIN ISO 4768 Figure 3 Geometrical tolerances of the shaft Processing tolerances for the taper angle The taper angle tolerance ATD is measured by declining to the journal and defined as the differential diameter . If using the FAG taper MGK132, the value of the ATD in the table must be halved (inclination angle tolerance).
For taper length tables in the table column values, the taper angle tolerance ATD can be obtained by interpolation. Taper deviation The taper angle deviation of the taper shaft mating face is used for bearings with tolerance class SP, see table. The main dimensions of the precision bearings are in accordance with the standard DIN 620-1. Dimensional tolerances and geometrical tolerances meet the tolerance class SP. Ultra-precision cylindrical roller bearings with higher tolerance class UP can also be provided by agreement. Bearings have cylindrical or tapered bores with corresponding dimensional tolerances, see figures 4 and 134, table. = Angle of inclination of the cone end = 2° 23? 9.4?2 = Taper angle of the cone end = 4° 46? 18.8?B = Inner ring width d = Nominal diameter of the bearing bore d1 = Cone large end bore diameter dmp = Single Aperture Deviation of Radial Plane Nominal Diameter Figure 4 Cone Hole Tolerance.
FAG Rolling Bearing Installation and Maintenance Equipment and Services
The ability to repair equipment and services Schaeffler Group Industrial FAG is a maintenance specialist for rotating components. Its purpose is to reduce maintenance costs for customers, improve equipment utilization, and avoid unplanned downtime. We provide services for all brands of machine parts. In order to provide fast and quality service to customers worldwide, the Schaeffler Group has expert centers around the world. All service employees are rigorously trained and regularly audited. This ensures that the global service can achieve the same high quality standards. Due to the different needs of each customer, the Schaeffler Group offers tailor-made solutions for different customers. Industrial Services The service department has continued to expand its business scope in recent years. Other product and service information can refer to the following sections. Detailed information on the products and services can be found in the sample IS1 of rolling bearing installation and maintenance.
Products for installation and maintenance Our products include mechanical, hydraulic and heated mounting and dismounting tools for rolling bearings. Mechanical method products are mainly used for the installation and disassembly of small bearings. The hydraulic and heating method products are mainly used for the installation and disassembly of large and medium-sized rolling bearings. Our products are very comprehensive and also include measuring devices and accessories (such as transportation tools and gloves). Mechanical installation and removal of bearings For small and medium-sized rolling bearings, mechanical methods of installation and disassembly are frequently used. The Schaeffler Group offers complete sets of mounting and dismounting tools, including a variety of wrenches and mechanical pullers. For applications where higher pull forces are required, we offer hydraulic pullers. We offer the following products: ■ Complete installation tools ■ Socket wrench ■ Hook and pin wrench ■ Mechanical puller ■ Hydraulic puller, Fig. 1 ■ Three-piece pull-out chuck.
Hydraulically mounting and dismounting bearings using hydraulic nuts makes it easier to install and remove tapered bore bearings. Sources of pressure include oilers, hand pumps, and high pressure pumps. Use the software Mounting Manager to easily select the tools you need. Comprehensive accessories such as pressure gauges, adapters and fittings, high pressure hoses and sleeve adapters are available. ■ Hydraulic nut ■ Oiler ■ Manual pump kit ■ High pressure pump ■ Hydraulic system and device ■ Coupler, accessories. The products used for heating installation and disassembly use induction heaters to provide fast and energy-saving heating of rolling bearings. The Schaeffler Group offers both mobile desktop induction heaters and high-performance stationary heavy-duty induction heating equipment. ■ Electric heating plates ■ Induction heaters ■ Heated aluminum rings, thermal grease ■ Induction heating coils. Product measuring devices and feelers for measurement and inspection can be used to inspect the bearing housing's machining quality and bearing assembly clearance: ■ feeler gauge ■ taper ring gauge ■ outer diameter micrometer ■ envelope circle measuring instrument
Accessories for mounting and dismounting Accessories are used to assist in the storage, transport and installation of rolling bearings: ■ Transport and installation tools ■ Gloves ■ Mounting paste ■ Anti-rust oil. Condition monitoring Equipment condition monitoring helps to achieve high utilization of machines and equipment and long service life. FAG products can carry out planned maintenance work to save costs. Its products include shaft and pulley alignment equipment. Temperature measuring devices and industrial stethoscopes make it possible to monitor the operating status of the equipment. The measuring system is an important product that monitors vibration, torque and lubrication. Monitoring of operating conditions These devices can be used to manually check the temperature and speed of rolling bearing configurations: ■ Temperature measuring devices ■ Digital handheld tachometers. Vibration diagnosis vibration diagnosis equipment: ■ Detector III, Fig. 2 ■ SmartCheck ■ DTECT X1 s ■ WiPro s ■ ProCheck.
Installation Services The service experts of the Schaeffler Group Industrial Division provide rolling bearing installation services to all industrial sectors, Figure 3. We have extensive experience in bearing installations such as railways, mining, steel, aluminum, wind power, pulp and paper. Condition monitoring The trouble-free operation of complex machines and devices can only be achieved through maintenance methods based on condition monitoring. The main method used by the Schaeffler Group for state-based maintenance is vibration analysis, Figure 4. These methods can detect the initial damage of the machine at an early stage. The most important is that vibration diagnosis also helps to prevent unplanned downtime and costly secondary damage, thereby increasing productivity and equipment availability. Fig. 3 Installation of large rolling bearings 00017E25 Fig. 4 Vibration diagnosis is also one of the service items Rolling bearing repair During the maintenance of machinery and equipment, many rolling bearings are no longer maintained. Instead, new bearings are used as preventive measures. In some cases, this over-consideration of safety hazards results in wasted costs. The actual situation is: The repaired rolling bearing has the same performance as the new bearing.
The repair business of rolling bearing and rolling bearing units is one of the core competencies of Schaeffler Group Industrial. There are several certified bearing repair service departments worldwide. And we can repair all types of rolling bearings from various manufacturers and brands, not just the Schaeffler Group products. The Schaeffler Group offers service for rolling bearings with an outer diameter of up to 4 250 mm, as shown in Fig. 5. For our customers, we are your professional partner and we have a wide range of business, including all areas of industry, such as general and special machinery manufacturing, steel and aluminum, pulp and paper, wind power, shipbuilding, private or public railways, Mining and so on. Rolling bearing repair business also proved to be feasible on large machine tool bearings.
Products for installation and maintenance Our products include mechanical, hydraulic and heated mounting and dismounting tools for rolling bearings. Mechanical method products are mainly used for the installation and disassembly of small bearings. The hydraulic and heating method products are mainly used for the installation and disassembly of large and medium-sized rolling bearings. Our products are very comprehensive and also include measuring devices and accessories (such as transportation tools and gloves). Mechanical installation and removal of bearings For small and medium-sized rolling bearings, mechanical methods of installation and disassembly are frequently used. The Schaeffler Group offers complete sets of mounting and dismounting tools, including a variety of wrenches and mechanical pullers. For applications where higher pull forces are required, we offer hydraulic pullers. We offer the following products: ■ Complete installation tools ■ Socket wrench ■ Hook and pin wrench ■ Mechanical puller ■ Hydraulic puller, Fig. 1 ■ Three-piece pull-out chuck.
Hydraulically mounting and dismounting bearings using hydraulic nuts makes it easier to install and remove tapered bore bearings. Sources of pressure include oilers, hand pumps, and high pressure pumps. Use the software Mounting Manager to easily select the tools you need. Comprehensive accessories such as pressure gauges, adapters and fittings, high pressure hoses and sleeve adapters are available. ■ Hydraulic nut ■ Oiler ■ Manual pump kit ■ High pressure pump ■ Hydraulic system and device ■ Coupler, accessories. The products used for heating installation and disassembly use induction heaters to provide fast and energy-saving heating of rolling bearings. The Schaeffler Group offers both mobile desktop induction heaters and high-performance stationary heavy-duty induction heating equipment. ■ Electric heating plates ■ Induction heaters ■ Heated aluminum rings, thermal grease ■ Induction heating coils. Product measuring devices and feelers for measurement and inspection can be used to inspect the bearing housing's machining quality and bearing assembly clearance: ■ feeler gauge ■ taper ring gauge ■ outer diameter micrometer ■ envelope circle measuring instrument
Accessories for mounting and dismounting Accessories are used to assist in the storage, transport and installation of rolling bearings: ■ Transport and installation tools ■ Gloves ■ Mounting paste ■ Anti-rust oil. Condition monitoring Equipment condition monitoring helps to achieve high utilization of machines and equipment and long service life. FAG products can carry out planned maintenance work to save costs. Its products include shaft and pulley alignment equipment. Temperature measuring devices and industrial stethoscopes make it possible to monitor the operating status of the equipment. The measuring system is an important product that monitors vibration, torque and lubrication. Monitoring of operating conditions These devices can be used to manually check the temperature and speed of rolling bearing configurations: ■ Temperature measuring devices ■ Digital handheld tachometers. Vibration diagnosis vibration diagnosis equipment: ■ Detector III, Fig. 2 ■ SmartCheck ■ DTECT X1 s ■ WiPro s ■ ProCheck.
Installation Services The service experts of the Schaeffler Group Industrial Division provide rolling bearing installation services to all industrial sectors, Figure 3. We have extensive experience in bearing installations such as railways, mining, steel, aluminum, wind power, pulp and paper. Condition monitoring The trouble-free operation of complex machines and devices can only be achieved through maintenance methods based on condition monitoring. The main method used by the Schaeffler Group for state-based maintenance is vibration analysis, Figure 4. These methods can detect the initial damage of the machine at an early stage. The most important is that vibration diagnosis also helps to prevent unplanned downtime and costly secondary damage, thereby increasing productivity and equipment availability. Fig. 3 Installation of large rolling bearings 00017E25 Fig. 4 Vibration diagnosis is also one of the service items Rolling bearing repair During the maintenance of machinery and equipment, many rolling bearings are no longer maintained. Instead, new bearings are used as preventive measures. In some cases, this over-consideration of safety hazards results in wasted costs. The actual situation is: The repaired rolling bearing has the same performance as the new bearing.
The repair business of rolling bearing and rolling bearing units is one of the core competencies of Schaeffler Group Industrial. There are several certified bearing repair service departments worldwide. And we can repair all types of rolling bearings from various manufacturers and brands, not just the Schaeffler Group products. The Schaeffler Group offers service for rolling bearings with an outer diameter of up to 4 250 mm, as shown in Fig. 5. For our customers, we are your professional partner and we have a wide range of business, including all areas of industry, such as general and special machinery manufacturing, steel and aluminum, pulp and paper, wind power, shipbuilding, private or public railways, Mining and so on. Rolling bearing repair business also proved to be feasible on large machine tool bearings.
2018年6月10日星期日
How to install thrust bearings in imported bearings
The fit of the thrust bearing and the shaft is generally a transition fit. The fit of the seat ring and the housing seat is generally a clearance fit. The center shaft of the two-way thrust bearing should be fixed on the shaft to prevent rotation relative to the shaft. The installation method of the thrust bearing is usually the case where the shaft rotates. Therefore, the cooperation of the inner ring and the shaft is a win-win cooperation, and the cooperation of the outer ring of the bearing and the bearing room is a clearance fit.
When installing a thrust bearing, check the verticality of the shaft ring and shaft centerline. The method is to fix the dial gauge on the end face of the shell, so that the contacts of the watch rotate on the bearing on the raceway of the bearing shaft ring, and observe the pointer of the dial gauge. If the pointer yaw, it means that the shaft ring and the center line of the shaft are not perpendicular. When the shell hole is deep, it can also be tested with an extended meter head. When the thrust bearing is installed correctly, its seat ring can automatically adapt to the rolling body's rolling to ensure that the rolling body is located in the upper and lower ring raceways. If installed backwards, not only the bearing does not work properly, but each mating surface will be severely worn. Since the difference between the shaft ring and the seat ring is not obvious, care should be taken in the assembly to avoid mistakes. In addition, there should be a 0.2-0.5mm gap between the bearing ring of the thrust bearing and the bearing seat hole to compensate for the error caused by the inaccurate machining and installation of the part. When the center of the bearing ring is offset during operation, the clearance is It ensures that it adjusts automatically, avoids touching friction and allows it to operate normally. Otherwise, it will cause severe damage to the bearing.
When installing a thrust bearing, check the verticality of the shaft ring and shaft centerline. The method is to fix the dial gauge on the end face of the shell, so that the contacts of the watch rotate on the bearing on the raceway of the bearing shaft ring, and observe the pointer of the dial gauge. If the pointer yaw, it means that the shaft ring and the center line of the shaft are not perpendicular. When the shell hole is deep, it can also be tested with an extended meter head. When the thrust bearing is installed correctly, its seat ring can automatically adapt to the rolling body's rolling to ensure that the rolling body is located in the upper and lower ring raceways. If installed backwards, not only the bearing does not work properly, but each mating surface will be severely worn. Since the difference between the shaft ring and the seat ring is not obvious, care should be taken in the assembly to avoid mistakes. In addition, there should be a 0.2-0.5mm gap between the bearing ring of the thrust bearing and the bearing seat hole to compensate for the error caused by the inaccurate machining and installation of the part. When the center of the bearing ring is offset during operation, the clearance is It ensures that it adjusts automatically, avoids touching friction and allows it to operate normally. Otherwise, it will cause severe damage to the bearing.
Plane thrust bearing loose ring installation method
Plane thrust bearings are mainly subjected to axial loads in the assembly and are widely used. Although the thrust bearing installation operation is relatively simple, but the actual maintenance is still often errors occur, that is, the bearing ring and loose ring installation position is not correct, the result of the bearing is lost, the journal quickly wear. The inner ring of the tight ring is in transition with the journal. When the shaft rotates, the tight ring is brought into motion and friction occurs with the end surface of the stationary part. When subjected to the axial force (Fx), the friction moment larger than the inner diameter is combined with the resistance torque, resulting in tightness. Forced rotation of the ring and shaft mating surfaces intensifies wear of the journal.
Therefore, the thrust bearing installation should pay attention to the following points.
(1) Distinguish the tight ring and loose ring of the bearing (according to the size of the bearing inner diameter, the difference in the hole diameter is O.1 to O.5mm).
(2) Distinguish the stationary parts of the mechanism (ie parts that do not move, mainly assembly).
(3) In any case, the loose ring of the bearing should always be against the end face of the stationary part.
Therefore, the thrust bearing installation should pay attention to the following points.
(1) Distinguish the tight ring and loose ring of the bearing (according to the size of the bearing inner diameter, the difference in the hole diameter is O.1 to O.5mm).
(2) Distinguish the stationary parts of the mechanism (ie parts that do not move, mainly assembly).
(3) In any case, the loose ring of the bearing should always be against the end face of the stationary part.
TIMKEN bearing installation
For tapered bore bearings, the inner ring is always fitted with an interference fit. Unlike cylindrical bore bearings, the interference of tapered bore bearings is not determined by the selected shaft fit tolerance, but is determined by the distance the bearing is propelled on the conical journal, bushing or withdrawal sleeve. Radial internal bearing clearance decreases as the bearing advances on the conical journal. By measuring the decrease value, the degree of interference and the tightness of the fit can be determined.
When installing self-aligning ball bearings, CARB toroidal roller bearings, spherical roller timken bearings, and high-precision cylindrical roller bearings with tapered bore, determine the radial internal clearance reduction or the axial direction on the cone base Push distance as a measure of the amount of interference. Guidance values for clearance reduction and axial advance distance, see related product section.
Small bearings
Small bearings can use nuts to advance them to the cone base. In the case of bushings, sleeve nuts are used. The small withdrawal sleeve can be pushed into the bearing bore with a nut. Use a hook wrench or pneumatic wrench to tighten the nut. Before starting installation, add a little oil to the surface of the journal and sleeve.
Large and medium-sized bearings
Large timken bearings require significantly more installation force and should use hydraulic nuts and/or oil injection methods.
Both of the above methods can significantly simplify the installation process. The hydraulic nuts used for operation and the oil filling equipment required for the oil filling method are available. For detailed information on these products, refer to the relevant section of the online catalog “Maintenance and lubrication products”.
When using a hydraulic nut to install a bearing, it must be positioned on the threaded portion of the journal or on the sleeve so that the annular piston abuts against the inner ring of the bearing, the nut on the shaft, or the retaining ring mounted on the shaft end. The oil is pumped into the hydraulic nut by the oil pump to move the piston in the axial direction with the force required for safe and accurate installation. Use a hydraulic nut to mount the spherical roller bearing to
Using the oil injection method, the oil is injected between the timken bearing and the journal under high pressure to form a layer of oil film. This oil film separates the mating surfaces and significantly reduces the friction between the mating surfaces. This method is generally used when mounting the bearing directly on the conical journal, but it is also used for mounting the bearing on adapter sleeves and detachable sleeves that are specially prepared for the oil injection method. The oil pump or lubricator produces the necessary pressure to inject the oil between the mating surfaces through the grooves and the oil distribution channels on the shaft or sleeve. When designing the bearing layout, consideration must be given to arranging the necessary grooves and channels on the shaft. The spherical roller bearing is mounted on the withdrawal sleeve with the oil groove, and the withdrawal sleeve is pressed into the bearing hole by injecting oil into the mating surface and tightening the screws one by one.
When installing self-aligning ball bearings, CARB toroidal roller bearings, spherical roller timken bearings, and high-precision cylindrical roller bearings with tapered bore, determine the radial internal clearance reduction or the axial direction on the cone base Push distance as a measure of the amount of interference. Guidance values for clearance reduction and axial advance distance, see related product section.
Small bearings
Small bearings can use nuts to advance them to the cone base. In the case of bushings, sleeve nuts are used. The small withdrawal sleeve can be pushed into the bearing bore with a nut. Use a hook wrench or pneumatic wrench to tighten the nut. Before starting installation, add a little oil to the surface of the journal and sleeve.
Large and medium-sized bearings
Large timken bearings require significantly more installation force and should use hydraulic nuts and/or oil injection methods.
Both of the above methods can significantly simplify the installation process. The hydraulic nuts used for operation and the oil filling equipment required for the oil filling method are available. For detailed information on these products, refer to the relevant section of the online catalog “Maintenance and lubrication products”.
When using a hydraulic nut to install a bearing, it must be positioned on the threaded portion of the journal or on the sleeve so that the annular piston abuts against the inner ring of the bearing, the nut on the shaft, or the retaining ring mounted on the shaft end. The oil is pumped into the hydraulic nut by the oil pump to move the piston in the axial direction with the force required for safe and accurate installation. Use a hydraulic nut to mount the spherical roller bearing to
Using the oil injection method, the oil is injected between the timken bearing and the journal under high pressure to form a layer of oil film. This oil film separates the mating surfaces and significantly reduces the friction between the mating surfaces. This method is generally used when mounting the bearing directly on the conical journal, but it is also used for mounting the bearing on adapter sleeves and detachable sleeves that are specially prepared for the oil injection method. The oil pump or lubricator produces the necessary pressure to inject the oil between the mating surfaces through the grooves and the oil distribution channels on the shaft or sleeve. When designing the bearing layout, consideration must be given to arranging the necessary grooves and channels on the shaft. The spherical roller bearing is mounted on the withdrawal sleeve with the oil groove, and the withdrawal sleeve is pressed into the bearing hole by injecting oil into the mating surface and tightening the screws one by one.
TIMKEN bearing adjustment
Timken bearing adjustment
Unlike other cylindrical bore radial bearings, the internal clearance of single row angular contact ball timken bearings and tapered roller bearings can only be established when one bearing is adjusted for the other bearing. Normally these bearings are back-to-back or face-to-face and one of the bearing rings is axially displaced until the selected play or preload is reached. The choice of clearance or preload depends on the requirements for bearing layout performance and operating conditions. For details on bearing preload, see section "Preload control of bearings". Therefore, the following recommendations only concern the internal clearance adjustment of the bearing arrangement of angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings.
The proper clearance value is to be set during installation and can be determined according to the bearing load and operating temperature conditions. Depending on the size and layout of the bearing, the material from which the shaft and the bearing housing are made, and the distance between the two bearings, the initial clearance achieved during installation may become smaller or larger in actual operation. For example, the thermal expansion of the inner and outer rings will cause a reduction in the clearance during operation. Therefore, the initial clearance must be large enough to avoid deformation of the timken bearing and its adverse consequences.
Since there is a clear relationship between the radial and axial internal clearances of angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings, only one value can be specified. It is generally specified axial internal clearance. This specified value can then be obtained from a zero-clearance state by loosening or tightening the screw ring in the nut or shaft hole in the housing, or by inserting a calibrated washer between a bearing ring and its support. Or gaskets. The actual method used to adjust the clearance and measure the set clearance depends on the number of bearings to be installed.
For example, one method is to use a dial gauge mounted on the hub to check the set axial clearance of the hub bearing arrangement. It is important that when adjusting tapered roller timken bearings and measuring clearances, the shaft or bearing housing must be rotated several times in different directions to ensure proper contact between the ball ends and the leading edge on the inner ring. If the contact is improper, the measurement result will be inaccurate and the intended adjustment will not be achieved.
Unlike other cylindrical bore radial bearings, the internal clearance of single row angular contact ball timken bearings and tapered roller bearings can only be established when one bearing is adjusted for the other bearing. Normally these bearings are back-to-back or face-to-face and one of the bearing rings is axially displaced until the selected play or preload is reached. The choice of clearance or preload depends on the requirements for bearing layout performance and operating conditions. For details on bearing preload, see section "Preload control of bearings". Therefore, the following recommendations only concern the internal clearance adjustment of the bearing arrangement of angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings.
The proper clearance value is to be set during installation and can be determined according to the bearing load and operating temperature conditions. Depending on the size and layout of the bearing, the material from which the shaft and the bearing housing are made, and the distance between the two bearings, the initial clearance achieved during installation may become smaller or larger in actual operation. For example, the thermal expansion of the inner and outer rings will cause a reduction in the clearance during operation. Therefore, the initial clearance must be large enough to avoid deformation of the timken bearing and its adverse consequences.
Since there is a clear relationship between the radial and axial internal clearances of angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings, only one value can be specified. It is generally specified axial internal clearance. This specified value can then be obtained from a zero-clearance state by loosening or tightening the screw ring in the nut or shaft hole in the housing, or by inserting a calibrated washer between a bearing ring and its support. Or gaskets. The actual method used to adjust the clearance and measure the set clearance depends on the number of bearings to be installed.
For example, one method is to use a dial gauge mounted on the hub to check the set axial clearance of the hub bearing arrangement. It is important that when adjusting tapered roller timken bearings and measuring clearances, the shaft or bearing housing must be rotated several times in different directions to ensure proper contact between the ball ends and the leading edge on the inner ring. If the contact is improper, the measurement result will be inaccurate and the intended adjustment will not be achieved.
2018年6月7日星期四
Reflections on the Development Direction of Bearing Industry in China
The bearing industry is the basic industry of the manufacturing industry and is also an important industry supporting the country's major equipment and precision equipment manufacturing industries. Its development has played an important role in the development of China's manufacturing industry.
In recent years, China's bearing manufacturing industry has a strong momentum of development, which will bring about positive effects on the smoothness of the bearing steel market. Demand for a number of high-end bearings has increased significantly, such as aerospace bearings, high-speed precision bearings for machine tool spindles, precision angular contact ball bearings for ball screw support, high-speed spindle bearings, turntable bearings, wind power bearings, joint bearings for shield machines, etc. . Large demand has created the development of a large number of enterprises.
According to statistics, there are currently more than 1,400 bearing enterprises in China, employing more than 300,000 people. In 2011, China's bearing manufacturing industry achieved a total industrial output value of 193.211 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 27.59%, sales revenue of 1.9107 billion yuan, an increase of 30.30%, a total profit of 12.523 billion yuan, an increase of 26.54%.
Although the overall trend is positive, with the evolution of global economy and integration today, the bearing industry has also encountered significant challenges, including acceleration of product life cycles, highly customized product requirements, and global market competition. Intensified and other issues. To solve these problems, the bearing industry needs to start from many aspects.
First, improve product technology content, work efficiency, reliability and accuracy.
From the perspective of the current product structure of China's bearing industry, the production capacity of ordinary bearings with relatively low technological content is relatively sufficient; bearings with high precision, high technology content and high added value have special characteristics and can meet the special working conditions of self-lubricating bearings. No matter if it is a variety or quantity, there is ample room for development. From the perspective of product quality and technology, China still needs a lot of high-end bearings every year.
Raising the R&D, design, and manufacturing capabilities of plain bearing manufacturers is the only way to achieve high-tech, high-reliability, high-efficiency, and high-precision bearings. With the support of national policies, with the rapid development of China's equipment manufacturing industry, it is expected that the enterprises of the sliding bearing industry will focus on improving the accuracy, performance, longevity, and reliability of bearing products. China's plain bearing manufacturers have continuously increased their R&D and design levels and manufacturing levels by increasing R&D efforts and introducing advanced manufacturing equipment from abroad, which is in line with the inevitable trend of future industry development.
Second, to achieve high-flexibility and large-scale production, the pursuit of better quality
The manufacture and production of the modern bearing industry, especially the production and production of small and medium-sized bearings, are basically characterized by a small number of large quantities of products. Therefore, the production line of such large-bearing bearings has a high degree of automation, as well as high production efficiency and equipment utilization. However, only one or several very similar products corresponding to the design of the production line can be processed. With today's high-speed replacement of products, continuous refinement of customer demand and even customization, the market has increasingly demanded more varieties of small batch bearing products. In the face of this situation, this "rigid" or low-flexibility production line is either powerless or the cost of adjustment is too high. Therefore, to increase the flexibility of the production line and maintain the same low cost as mass production—that is, high-flexibility and large-scale production is an important challenge for intelligent manufacturing of bearings in the future.
Moreover, with the development of the bearing industry in China, the bearing products produced in China have gradually entered the procurement scope of users at home and abroad who pay great attention to product quality. However, these customers not only value the technical content of the product, but also value the quality of the product. The company pursues better product quality, strictly controls product production, and helps product
The
Third, according to the specialization of the market segmentation further reflected
Sliding bearings, especially self-lubricating bearings, have different types and specifications due to their different uses. Different types of sliding bearings require different levels of heat treatment, precision of car machining, surface treatment methods, automation of production devices, and manufacturing processes. Therefore, existing sliding bearing companies basically focus on a specific area or market segment. After hundreds of years of development, the international bearing industry has formed a stable and specialized division of labor. The international bearing giants organize specialized production in their respective market segments. In the future, domestic manufacturers of sliding bearings will further clarify product positioning, take the path of specialization and division of labor, and make sub-markets as strong as possible to achieve economies of scale.
In recent years, China's bearing manufacturing industry has a strong momentum of development, which will bring about positive effects on the smoothness of the bearing steel market. Demand for a number of high-end bearings has increased significantly, such as aerospace bearings, high-speed precision bearings for machine tool spindles, precision angular contact ball bearings for ball screw support, high-speed spindle bearings, turntable bearings, wind power bearings, joint bearings for shield machines, etc. . Large demand has created the development of a large number of enterprises.
According to statistics, there are currently more than 1,400 bearing enterprises in China, employing more than 300,000 people. In 2011, China's bearing manufacturing industry achieved a total industrial output value of 193.211 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 27.59%, sales revenue of 1.9107 billion yuan, an increase of 30.30%, a total profit of 12.523 billion yuan, an increase of 26.54%.
Although the overall trend is positive, with the evolution of global economy and integration today, the bearing industry has also encountered significant challenges, including acceleration of product life cycles, highly customized product requirements, and global market competition. Intensified and other issues. To solve these problems, the bearing industry needs to start from many aspects.
First, improve product technology content, work efficiency, reliability and accuracy.
From the perspective of the current product structure of China's bearing industry, the production capacity of ordinary bearings with relatively low technological content is relatively sufficient; bearings with high precision, high technology content and high added value have special characteristics and can meet the special working conditions of self-lubricating bearings. No matter if it is a variety or quantity, there is ample room for development. From the perspective of product quality and technology, China still needs a lot of high-end bearings every year.
Raising the R&D, design, and manufacturing capabilities of plain bearing manufacturers is the only way to achieve high-tech, high-reliability, high-efficiency, and high-precision bearings. With the support of national policies, with the rapid development of China's equipment manufacturing industry, it is expected that the enterprises of the sliding bearing industry will focus on improving the accuracy, performance, longevity, and reliability of bearing products. China's plain bearing manufacturers have continuously increased their R&D and design levels and manufacturing levels by increasing R&D efforts and introducing advanced manufacturing equipment from abroad, which is in line with the inevitable trend of future industry development.
Second, to achieve high-flexibility and large-scale production, the pursuit of better quality
The manufacture and production of the modern bearing industry, especially the production and production of small and medium-sized bearings, are basically characterized by a small number of large quantities of products. Therefore, the production line of such large-bearing bearings has a high degree of automation, as well as high production efficiency and equipment utilization. However, only one or several very similar products corresponding to the design of the production line can be processed. With today's high-speed replacement of products, continuous refinement of customer demand and even customization, the market has increasingly demanded more varieties of small batch bearing products. In the face of this situation, this "rigid" or low-flexibility production line is either powerless or the cost of adjustment is too high. Therefore, to increase the flexibility of the production line and maintain the same low cost as mass production—that is, high-flexibility and large-scale production is an important challenge for intelligent manufacturing of bearings in the future.
Moreover, with the development of the bearing industry in China, the bearing products produced in China have gradually entered the procurement scope of users at home and abroad who pay great attention to product quality. However, these customers not only value the technical content of the product, but also value the quality of the product. The company pursues better product quality, strictly controls product production, and helps product
The
Third, according to the specialization of the market segmentation further reflected
Sliding bearings, especially self-lubricating bearings, have different types and specifications due to their different uses. Different types of sliding bearings require different levels of heat treatment, precision of car machining, surface treatment methods, automation of production devices, and manufacturing processes. Therefore, existing sliding bearing companies basically focus on a specific area or market segment. After hundreds of years of development, the international bearing industry has formed a stable and specialized division of labor. The international bearing giants organize specialized production in their respective market segments. In the future, domestic manufacturers of sliding bearings will further clarify product positioning, take the path of specialization and division of labor, and make sub-markets as strong as possible to achieve economies of scale.
Research status and future of industrial robot harmonic reducer and its supporting bearings
In recent years, China's industrial robotics industry has entered a new period of historical opportunities. International robot companies represented by ABB, KUKA, Yaskawa, and Fanuc have entered China in large numbers and set up factories to seize market share. In China, such as mobile phone manufacturing, semiconductors, liquid crystal production machinery and other industries, the demand for small robots is also growing. However, for domestic industrial robots, especially harmonic reducers, servo motors, control systems, etc. Heavy dependence on imports has led to a gap between its competitiveness and foreign companies, but these are also the upstream components and key components of industrial robots. According to the statistics of the International Robot Federation (IFR), in 2012, China imported a total of about 22,000 industrial robots, and China will be the fastest growing industrial robot market in the world. HDSI's harmonic reducer is an irreplaceable component for small industrial robots (below 20kg) or articulated arms, which brings new opportunities for expanding the Chinese mainland market. In January 2011, HDSI established in China to establish Hamernaco (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd., which is a wholly-owned sales subsidiary established in China for its investment in China. It is mainly responsible for technical support and after-sales services such as sales and selection of HDSI products in mainland China.
The harmonic reducer consists of only 3 basic components: the flexspline, the wave generator and the rigid wheel. The outer diameter of the flexspline is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the rigid wheel, and usually the flexo wheel has 2 teeth less than the rigid wheel. The elliptical shape of the wave generator determines that the contact points of the teeth of the flexspline and the rigid wheel are distributed on two opposite sides of the center of the ellipse. During the rotation of the wave generator, the contact portion of the flex spline and the just-toothed tooth start to mesh. When the wave generator rotates by 180° every clockwise, the flexspline is equivalent to the one-tooth number difference of the counterclockwise rotation of the rigid wheel. In two places with 180° symmetry, more than 30% of all teeth are meshed at the same time, which also results in high torque transmission.
HarmonicDrive has a high-torque CSG series harmonic speed reducer, a standard CSF series harmonic speed reducer, an ultra-flat and high-load capacity CSD series harmonic speed reducer, a high-torque hollow shaft, and an input shaft type SHG series harmonic speed reduction , Hollow shafts and input shaft type SHF series harmonic speed reducers, Super flat and hollow SHD series harmonic speed reducers, Small biaxial type CSF supermini series harmonic speed reducers, Standard type CSG-GH/CSF-GH harmonic speed reduction Series.
Domestic harmonic reducer bearings still have great advantages compared with similar imported harmonic reducer bearings. With the improvement of production technology of harmonic reducer bearings in China, the quality of domestic harmonic reducer bearings is more secure, and There are also advantages in terms of prices and strong competitiveness in the domestic market. The localization of harmonic reducer bearings has changed the market situation of these high-precision precision bearing products that have long been monopolized by foreign companies and urgently needed in the domestic market. With the establishment of a number of domestic brand enterprises, the competitiveness of China's harmonic reducer bearings in the international market is also increasingly strong, more and more open domestic and foreign markets.
The harmonic reducer consists of only 3 basic components: the flexspline, the wave generator and the rigid wheel. The outer diameter of the flexspline is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the rigid wheel, and usually the flexo wheel has 2 teeth less than the rigid wheel. The elliptical shape of the wave generator determines that the contact points of the teeth of the flexspline and the rigid wheel are distributed on two opposite sides of the center of the ellipse. During the rotation of the wave generator, the contact portion of the flex spline and the just-toothed tooth start to mesh. When the wave generator rotates by 180° every clockwise, the flexspline is equivalent to the one-tooth number difference of the counterclockwise rotation of the rigid wheel. In two places with 180° symmetry, more than 30% of all teeth are meshed at the same time, which also results in high torque transmission.
HarmonicDrive has a high-torque CSG series harmonic speed reducer, a standard CSF series harmonic speed reducer, an ultra-flat and high-load capacity CSD series harmonic speed reducer, a high-torque hollow shaft, and an input shaft type SHG series harmonic speed reduction , Hollow shafts and input shaft type SHF series harmonic speed reducers, Super flat and hollow SHD series harmonic speed reducers, Small biaxial type CSF supermini series harmonic speed reducers, Standard type CSG-GH/CSF-GH harmonic speed reduction Series.
Domestic harmonic reducer bearings still have great advantages compared with similar imported harmonic reducer bearings. With the improvement of production technology of harmonic reducer bearings in China, the quality of domestic harmonic reducer bearings is more secure, and There are also advantages in terms of prices and strong competitiveness in the domestic market. The localization of harmonic reducer bearings has changed the market situation of these high-precision precision bearing products that have long been monopolized by foreign companies and urgently needed in the domestic market. With the establishment of a number of domestic brand enterprises, the competitiveness of China's harmonic reducer bearings in the international market is also increasingly strong, more and more open domestic and foreign markets.
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